A screening tool developed by scientists at the University of California, Davis, has suggested that around a quarter of dams in the US state may need to increase water flows to protect native fish downstream.
In a study published in BioScience journal, the tool, developed by the Center for Watershed Sciences, was used to evaluate 753 large dams in California, screening them for evidence of altered water flows and damage to fish. About 25% -181 dams - were identified as having flows that may be too low to sustain healthy fish populations.
The "high-priority" list includes some of the state's biggest dams including Trinity Dam on the Trinity River, New Melones Dam on the Stanislaus River, Pine Flat on Kings River, and Folsom Dam on the American River. It also includes dams on rivers with the greatest richness of native species, like Woodbridge Diversion Dam on the Mokelumne River, Nash Dam in Shasta County, and three rubber dams on lower Alameda Creek. Dams affecting the greatest number of native species with sensitive population status were also identified, including Keswick and Anderson-Cottonwood dams on the Sacramento River, and Woodbridge and Nash dams.
A 2011 study found that 80% of California's native fish are at risk of extinction if present trends continue. According to the study's authors, the way we manage dams will determine the fate of many of these species.
A state law, California Fish and Game Code 5937, requires dam operators to release "sufficient water" to keep fish downstream "in good condition." But, with thousands of dams in the state and limited resources to assess each one, the law is rarely enforced without a lawsuit behind it. For example, a series of lawsuits in the 1980s led to higher flow releases for native fish in Putah Creek in Yolo and Solano counties. Section 5937 was also invoked in the 2006 San Joaquin River settlement agreement to restore flows to that river below Friant Dam.
Such lawsuits do not always indicate which dams are in most need of attention to protect native fish. The new study has been designed to provide a scientific basis for dam operators, natural resource managers and policymakers to perform water "triage" - setting management priorities for dams requiring the most urgent attention.
The authors stress that inclusion on the list does not necessarily mean the dams are out of compliance with the state law. For example, Peters Dam was included for its potential to affect sensitive species in the Lagunitas Creek watershed, but it is being managed in a way that helps protect fish, lead author Ted Grantham says. The framework is meant to be a starting point for further on-site study and potential enforcement of the state law.
Grantham said it also can be used to assess dams worldwide: "This is really a global problem. We have hundreds of thousands of dams throughout the world. Few of them are managed in a way that considers the downstream animal and plant life. Environmental flows will be important for preserving aquatic ecosystems worldwide, but given the scope of the problem, we need a strategic framework to prioritize the rivers on which we work and invest resources."
The study's co-authors include Professor Peter Moyle at UC Davis and Josh Viers, associate professor at UC Merced.
The study received funding from the Natural Resources Defense Council, California Trout, Trout Unlimited, the S.D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation, and the California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research Program.
Image: Long Valley Dam on the Owens River is one of 181 California dams UC Davis researchers identified as candidates for increased water flows to protect native fish downstream. (Stephen Volpin)
